There is presently no antiviral drug of proven benefit for this illness and treatment is mostly supportive. The virus is found in pigs and birds, and is passed to mosquitoes when they bite infected animals. Japanese encephalitis je is a mosquito borne important emerging and reemerging viral metazoonosis with a major global health importance, responsible for ill health among thousands of people each year worldwide. It is a mosquitoborne virus and cannot be transferred from one person to another. Venezuelan equine encephalitis vee, japanese encephalitis, and. There is no treatment or cure for japanese encephalitis. Japanese encephalitis vaccine, inactivated, adsorbed brand name.
Mathur a, kumar r, sharma s, kulshreshtha r, kumar a, chaturvedi uc. It is caused by a flavivirus whose natural cycle occurs in mosquito and vertebrate hosts ardeid birds and pigs and man is an. Japanese encephalitis virus an overview sciencedirect topics. Exposure to viruses can occur through breathing in respiratory droplets from infected people, certain insect bites, and direct skin contact. Last year alone, 1500 cases of japanese encephalitis were reported in india, particularly in the northeastern states. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a zoonotic, vectorborne flavivirus closely. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of japanese encephalitis in children rashmi kumar department of pediatrics, king george medical university, lucknow up, india abstract. Theres currently no cure for japanese encephalitis. Japanese encephalitis je is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in asia, with up to 70,000 cases reported annually. To prevent japanese encephalitis, one should get a vaccination and use an insect repellent. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is endemic in much of asia and the western pacific. Japanese encephalitis vaccine monograph for professionals. Management approaches, including treatment of acute neurological complications and the use of immune suppressive and modulatory drugs for cases of suspected or confirmed autoimmune cause, are covered. Japanese encephalitis is a type of viral brain infection and inflammation thats spread via mosquito bites, particularly in rural areas throughout most of asia.
Dec 07, 2017 encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Japanese encephalitis virus is an important mosquitoborne human pathogen in much of asia including southeast asia, china, japan, the korean peninsula and adjacent areas of the russian federation, sri lanka, and portions of the indian subcontinent with recent incursions into the pacific islands and northern australia fig. The first historic mention of japanese encephalitis occurred during the summer encephalitis outbreaks in the late 1870s. Japanese encephalitis symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and. Case management of acute encephalitis syndromejapanese. The cases and deaths due to this form of encephalitis have more than doubled. The only available japanese encephalitis vaccine for use in the united states is ixiaro, an inactivated vaccine prepared by propagating japanese encephalitis virus strain sa 14142 in vero cells. W it seems to us that you have your javascript disabled on your browser.
Rare clinical cases have also been reported in other species, such as cattle. Pdf japanese encephalitis je is a mosquito borne important emerging and. Most people infected with je do not have symptoms or have only mild symptoms. Japanese encephalitis is the single largest cause of viral encephalitis in the world today. May 09, 2019 japanese encephalitis je is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia. The virus that causes japanese encephalitis is called an arbovirus, which is an arthropodborne virus. Delays in starting treatment, particularly beyond 48 hours after hospital admission, are associated with a worse prognosis. Japanese encephalitis vaccine japanese encephalitis cdc. It is a mosquitoborne flavivirus, meaning it is related to dengue, yellow fever and west nile viruses. Japanese encephalitis control is thus a global health priority. List of japanese encephalitis virus prophylaxis medications. Once a person has the disease, treatment can only relieve the symptoms.
Japanese encephalitis je is one of many viral encephalitides and results from infection with the japanese encephalitis virus. It occurs in yearly post monsoon outbreaks in uttar pradesh and other parts of india and south east asia. Japanese encephalitis virus jev, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia based on its frequency and severity. Japanese encephalitis is a neurologic infection closely related to st.
Japanese encephalitis je is a mosquito borne important emerging and reemerging viral metazoonosis with a major global health importance, responsible for ill health among thousands of people. Isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from clinical specimens using a continuous mosquito cell line. Japanese encephalitis virusspecific immunoglobulin m igm capture enzymelinked immunoassay elisa on serum or cerebrospinal fluid csf is the standard diagnostic test for japanese encephalitis. The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts mainly pigs. Death occurs in about 20 to 30% of patients suffering from japanese encephalitis. Japanese encephalitis je is the most important mosquito borne arboviral disease in the agricultural region of asia. The next documented epidemic in japan occurred in 1924 with 6,125 human cases resulting in 3,797 human deaths 62% casefatality rate. Virus isolation from clinical specimens is difficult because viremia in humans is transient and low level. The treatment given and the chances to recovery depend completely on the virus involved and how severe the inflammation is. If encephalitis is caused by a bacterial infection, it can be treated with intravenous. It is the leading cause of epidemic viral encephalitis in humans worldwide. Jemb and live, attenuated or live, chimeric japanese encephalitis vaccines may be available in asia or. Japanese encephalitis the center for food security and public.
Hyperimmune gammaglobulin for the treatment of west nile virus encephalitis. This includes longterm travelers, recurrent travelers, or expatriates who will be based in urban areas but are likely to visit endemic rural or agricultural areas during a. Additionally, we discuss the remaining challenges in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of encephalitis. More than 30, 000 to 50, 000 cases and 10, 000 deaths are reported each year. Treatment will depend on the condition in which patient is received in the health. It is produced naturally in the csf in response to infection with japanese encephalitis. Pdf japanese encephalitis je is the most important mosquito borne arboviral disease in the agricultural region of asia. Although most of those infected are asymptomatic, 20%30% of those who present with overt disease have fatal cases, and 30%50% of survivors have neurologic, cognitive or behavioural sequelae. Japanese encephalitis je known as the plague of the orient is the commonest cause of epidemic viral encephalitis globally.
Clinical presentation at the onset of the disease patients present with severe rigors, fevers and headache. Aug 29, 2019 japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection of the brain caused by a virus that is transmitted through mosquito bites. This vaccine was approved in march 2009 for use in people aged 17 years and older and in may 20 for use in children 2 months through 16 years of age. Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain.
Treatment is essentially supportive and no antiviral has yet proven effective in. The treatment given and the chances to recovery depend completely on the virus involved and how severe the. The group within the flavivirus genus with the largest number of viral species transmitted by mosquito vectors is the japanese encephalitis je group which is composed of 8 recognized viral species. Japanese encephalitis is a type of infectious encephalitis caused by japanese encephalitis virus jev. Know what is japanese encephalitis, its signs, symptoms, treatment, prognosis, clinical trials, vaccines and. Ixiaro manufactured by intercell ag fdaapproved indication. Japanese encephalitissignssymptomstreatmentprognosis. Japanese encephalitis causes, symptoms, vaccine side effects. Encephalitis arathi 1537316 anjana 1537314 grace 1537326 joel 1537305 rejin 1537307 2. A mosquitoborne encephalitis caused by the japanese b encephalitis virus encephalitis virus, japanese occurring throughout eastern asia and australia. These species include the jev, mvev, slev, wnv, yaounde virus, cacipacore virus, koutango virus, and usutu. Japanese encephalitis virus, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in asia and the western pacific rim. Rest, fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication to reduce fever may relieve some symptoms.
Almost 45,000 cases of je, with about 10,000 deaths and 15,000 survivors with neurodisabilities, are reported to the world health organization who each year, but this may be. Japanese encephalitis je is one of the most common. Although some symptoms improve after the acute illness, 30%50% of survivors continue to have neurologic, cognitive, or psychiatric symptoms. Treatment of infants, children, and adolescents 2 months to less than 17 years of age for active immunization for the prevention of disease caused by japanese encephalitis virus. May 28, 2018 japanese encephalitis virus, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in asia and the western pacific rim. Effect of highdose dexamethasone on the outcome of acute encephalitis due to japanese encephalitis virus.
For case surveillance japanese encephalitis is reported in the syndrome of acute encephalitis ie all cases of acute encephalitis syndrome should be reported as they have similar clinical manifestations. Japanese encephalitis vaccine is recommended for travelers who plan to spend 1 month or more in endemic areas during the japanese encephalitis virus transmission season. There is no specific antiviral therapy for japanese encephalitis. Japanese encephalitis je is a rare disease caused by the japanese encephalitis virus. Japanese encephalitis virus jev, a flavivirus singlestranded ribonucleic acid rna, represents the most significant etiology of arboviral encephalitis worldwide. Mosquitoes in a number of regions carry this virus and are responsible for passing it along to humans. It is the leading cause of epidemic viral encephalitis worldwide. Japanese encephalitis virus has gradually expanded its geographic range within importance japanese encephalitis virus jev is a mosquitoborne agent that can cause encephalitis in equids and humans and reproductive disease in pigs. Drugs used for japanese encephalitis virus prophylaxis the following list of medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of this condition.
Similarly, the japanese encephalitis virus complex includes je, west nile wn, and murray valley encephalitis mve viruses. Jul 24, 2019 japanese encephalitis virusspecific immunoglobulin m igm capture enzymelinked immunoassay elisa on serum or cerebrospinal fluid csf is the standard diagnostic test for japanese encephalitis. The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between. There have been outbreaks in recent years in the u. According to the world health organization who, there is no antiviral treatment for patients with this disease. May 14, 2010 the first historic mention of japanese encephalitis occurred during the summer encephalitis outbreaks in the late 1870s. X trustworthy source national health service uk public healthcare system of the uk go to source the mosquitoes bite infected animals and birds, then spread the disease to people when. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, and effective anti. Jul 30, 2019 japanese encephalitis virus jev, a mosquitoborne flavivirus, is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia based on its frequency and severity. Clinical manifestations following an incubation period of 515 days after an infective mosquito bite a prodrome of fever, headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and myalgia occurs lasting for few days followed by irritability, altered behavior, convulsions and coma.
Who recommends having strong prevention and control activities, including je immunization in all regions where the disease is a recognized public health problem. In the 1980s the outcome of patients with herpes simplex virus hsv encephalitis was shown to be dramatically improved with aciclovir treatment. Japanese encephalitis virus jev is a mosquitoborne agent that can cause encephalitis in equids. Japanese encephalitis genetic and rare diseases information. Japanese encephalitis je is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in asia. Japanese encephalitis is a type of viral infection of the brain, which spreads through a mosquito bite. The very young and the elderly are more likely to have more severe encephalitis. Aug 28, 2018 japanese encephalitis is a viral infection found mainly in asia. Inactivated vero cell culturederived japanese encephalitis je vaccine manufactured as ixiaro is the only je vaccine licensed and available in the united states. No specific treatments have been found to benefit patients with je, but hospitalization for supportive care and close observation is generally required. Usa, and not in the uk, while japanese encephalitis is a major problem in asia, and is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide, causing up to 15000 deaths annually.
Clinical management of japanese encephalitis nvbdcp. Ixiaro is indicated for adults and children aged 2 months or older. Treatment involves supporting the functions of the body as it tries to fight off the infection. Travelers abroad are most at risk for japanese encephalitis and tickborne encephalitis. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Japanese encephalitis je virus is the leading cause of vaccinepreventable encephalitis in asia and the western pacific. Prevention, diagnosis, and management of japanese encephalitis. Rapid diagnosis of japanese encephalitis by immunofluorescent examination of cerebrospinal fluid. Japanese encephalitis virus definition of japanese. Je virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, primarily culex species. Treatment will depend largely on your age and condition, as well as the form and cause of the disease. Children, elderly and those with a weak immune system are those who are more prone to encephalitis.
Japanese encephalitis je virus was initially isolated in japan in 1935. Antibiotics are only available to relieve you from the symptoms. Their case management usually follows a common protocol along with situation specific treatment. For most travelers to asia, the risk for je is very low but varies based on destination, length of travel, season, and activities. Louis encephalitis, and murray valley encephalitis viruses.
It is a leading cause of vaccinepreventable encephalitis inflammation of the brain in asia and the western pacific. Overview of the flaviviridae with an emphasis on the japanese. The person usually needs to be admitted to hospital so. Presence of rash on body excludes japanese encephalitis.
Japanese encephalitis is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquitoborne virus similar to west nile, dengue fever, st. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus and is closely related to west nile and saint louis encephalitis viruses. As of now, there is no cure for japanese encephalitis. The arboviruses cause encephalitis and are passed on to people and animals by insects. For case surveillance japanese encephalitis is reported in the syndrome.
It is usually caused by a viral infection, or by the immune system attacking brain tissue, and it is rarely lifethreatening. Jul 24, 2019 japanese encephalitis virus jev, a flavivirus singlestranded ribonucleic acid rna, represents the most significant etiology of arboviral encephalitis worldwide. Japanese encephalitis is a rare but serious infection of the brain caused by a virus that is transmitted through mosquito bites. Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection found mainly in asia. Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, often caused by a viral infection. The virus is found in pigs and birds and is transmitted by culex mosquitoes which breed in water pools and flooded rice fields. The japanese encephalitis nakayama vaccine is used to help prevent this disease in adults and children who are at least 12 months old.
172 445 561 656 838 1503 1320 969 770 339 711 507 1080 504 329 1113 934 523 817 608 812 1407 707 75 948 379 910 273 1510 1075 703 816 1270 80 805 636 710 1389 1025 68